These stations would often be manned by armed guards.
For example, along the Greek-Turkish border, all travellers entering and exiting the Ottoman Empire would be quarantined for 9–15 days. Starting in the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire established quarantine stations on many of its borders to control disease. British tourists of the 1920s complained, especially about attached photographs and physical descriptions, which they considered led to a "nasty dehumanisation". These controls remained in place after the war, becoming a standard, though controversial, procedure. During World War I, European governments introduced border passport requirements for security reasons, and to control the emigration of people with useful skills. The 1548 Imperial Diet of Augsburg required the public to hold imperial documents for travel, at the risk of permanent exile. In 1794, issuing British passports became the job of the Office of the Secretary of State. In 1540, granting travel documents in England became a role of the Privy Council of England, and it was around this time that the term "passport" was used. The earliest reference to these documents is found in a 1414 Act of Parliament. In medieval Europe, passports were issued since at least the reign of Henry V of England, as a means of helping his subjects prove who they were in foreign lands. Border controls were in place to ensure that only people who paid their zakah (for Muslims) or jizya (for dhimmis) taxes could travel freely between different regions of the Caliphate thus, the bara'a receipt was a "basic passport".
In the medieval Islamic Caliphate, a form of passport was the bara'a, a receipt for taxes paid. Even children needed passports, but those of one year or less who were in their mother's care may not have needed them. These passports ( zhuan) determined a person's ability to move throughout imperial counties and through points of control. They required such details as age, height, and bodily features. Passports resembling those issued today were an important part of the Chinese bureaucracy as early as the Western Han (202 BCE-220 CE), if not in the Qin Dynasty. 'Superintendent of Seals') who must issue sealed passes before a person could enter or leave the countryside. Chapter 34 of the Second Book of Arthashastra concerns with the duties of the Mudrādhyakṣa ( lit. 3rd century BCE) make mentions of passes issued at the rate of one masha per pass to enter and exit the country. In Asia, the existence of border controls is evidenced in classical texts. The concept of border controls has its origins in antiquity. Border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas, and increasingly complex policies that vary between countries.Ĭhinese passport from the Qing Dynasty, 24th Year of the Guangxu Reign, 1898
While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded, others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as well as some internal borders) are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state.īorder control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration. Different categories of borders have varying features and levels of securityīorder control refers to measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders.
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